دانلود فایل PDF کتاب مهندسی زلزله برای طراحی سازه ای

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This chapter provides a basic understanding of earthquakes, by first discussing the causes of earthquakes, then defining commonly used terms,

explaining how earthquakes are measured, discussing the distribution of seismicity, and, finally, explaininghow seismicity can be characterized

Earthquakes are broad-banded vibratory ground motions

, resulting from a number of causes including tectonic ground motions, volcanism, landslides,

rockbursts, and man-made explosions these, naturally occurring tectonic-related earthquakes are the largest and most important.

These are caused by the fracture and sliding of rock along faults within the Earth’s crust.

A fault is a zone of the earth’s crust within which the two sides have moved faults may be hundreds of miles long, from one to over one hundred miles deep,

and are sometimes not readily apparent ground surface Earthquakes initiate a number of phenomena or agents,

termed seismic hazards, which can cause significant damage to the built environment these include fault rupture,

vibratory ground motion shaking), inundation (tsunami, seiche, dam failure),

various kinds of permanent ground failure,liquefaction)fire, or hazardous materials release.

In a particular earthquake event, any particular hazard can dominate, and historically each has caused major damage and great loss of life in particular earthquakes lhi